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Maybe you’ve heard the often-repeated advice to eat small, frequent meals. Apparently skipping meals (even breakfast) is a surefire way to wreck your blood sugar and your metabolism. Moreover, even with our sedentary modern lifestyle, if we don’t eat every 2-4 hours and graze constantly we won’t have the energy to make it through the day. We must always carry 100-calorie packs in case hunger strikes, lest brain fog ensue.
Umm… no.
I know many health experts who disagree with this approach, and my own experience (not to mention scientific research) tells me that this just isn’t so. There are great health benefits to fasting for periods of time, if done in an informed way.
Health Myth: Eat Small, Frequent Meals
Here’s a few more “myths” you can ignore:
- Eating small meals throughout the day keeps the fire of our metabolism burning and should we miss a meal, our body will jump into starvation mode and scavenge our muscle and brain tissue to survive.
- Skipping meals leads to a slowed metabolism and certain weight gain.
- Breakfast, being the most important meal of the day, should never be skipped, or one is at risk of tremendous overeating throughout the day, brain fog and impaired mental state.
- To keep our bodies running optimally, we must eat small meals throughout the day of carefully portioned amounts of 600 calories or less, preferably from “healthy whole grains” and lean proteins.
- This will also keep us from that ever-dreaded feeling of hunger which we all know causes us to shift into animal existence and eat everything in sight, especially chocolate cake.
Sounds logical enough, right? I believed it all for a long time.
The problem is: research and experience don’t back it up. In fact, discovering what the research really says about the topic of intermittent fasting (a.k.a skipping meals) was some of the most freeing information for me personally on my own health journey.
Health Truth: Give Eating a Rest
Conventional wisdom says that our bodies need a constant supply of food to keep running steadily and have stable blood sugar. While it is true that a constant supply of carbohydrates (which the body breaks down into glucose/sugar) will keep the blood sugar constant, it will be constantly elevated.
In all fairness, some people do succeed at losing weight with the grazing system, but it is a difficult model to follow as it necessitates constant access to food and many people eventually find that they hit a plateau. This plateau makes a lot of sense metabolically, as the body gets used to a constant supply of food and down-regulates the metabolism since it can count on a steady supply of the same amount of calories.
It’s not exactly easy to hear in a world where snacks and packaged foods abound, but some studies have shown very positive benefits from caloric restriction diets (see sources below). Researchers at US National Institute on Aging report that animal and human studies about caloric restriction show that when calories were reduced by 30-40%, the subjects tended to live a lot longer (30% longer actually!).
When You Eat, Eat Fat
That alone might make a case for caloric restriction and small meals, except for one thing that every low-fat dieter knows: the subjects (animal and human) were miserable and showed signs of depression and irritability.
Ever felt that way on a diet?
Unfortunately, the study that showed benefits from overall caloric restriction also included a low-fat diet, often recommended for weight loss. Fat does contain more calories per gram, so it was the logical source to cut down on.
In primate studies, cutting down fat and dietary cholesterol caused problems including making the primates more violent. The body actually vitally needs fats for hundreds of processes throughout the body, so when caloric restriction became fat restriction, health problems followed.
What if there was a way to accomplish the life-extending benefits of caloric restriction without bypassing real meals or saying goodbye to steak forever? Thankfully, there is!
The Benefits of Intermittent Fasting
Intermittent fasting basically refers to occasionally reducing or eliminating food intake for a period of time. There are many ways to approach this (which we will cover in this post). In studies, this was often done with alternate-day fasting, though there are many ways to incorporate fasting.
When I first heard of it, intermittent fasting seemed to go against all the health advice I’d ever heard. Emerging research is showing that fasting is not a threat to overall health, but it actually has many health benefits.
Here are some of the biggest benefits of skipping meals:
Cancer and Heart Disease Prevention
Studies have shown that the benefits of caloric restriction can be obtained in ways besides just reducing overall calories (especially by cutting fat) and that some other methods might be more effective.
One study found that when lab animals were allowed to eat freely on every other day, they actually consumed the same total number of calories as a group that was allowed to eat freely every day. The difference was that the group that fasted every other day showed longer life, increased resistance to disease, and improved insulin sensitivity.
Human studies back this up too, showing that when human subjects fasted on alternate days they not only showed the same benefits as caloric restriction groups, but also showed an increased ability to lose weight and improvements in coronary heart disease risk factors.
Studies (like this one) have even demonstrated a reduced proliferation of cancer cells in subjects who practiced intermittent fasting, and another study showed that alternate-day fasting led to better reception of chemotherapy in cancer patients and a higher cure rate.
Mental Health
It turns out that fasting occasionally can be good for mental health and repair also. As the study from the National Institute on Aging found:
Dietary restriction (DR; either caloric restriction or intermittent fasting, with maintained vitamin and mineral intake) can extend lifespan and can increase disease resistance. Recent studies have shown that DR can have profound effects on brain function and vulnerability to injury and disease. DR can protect neurons against degeneration in animal models of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases and stroke. Moreover, DR can stimulate the production of new neurons from stem cells (neurogenesis) and can enhance synaptic plasticity, which may increase the ability of the brain to resist aging and restore function following injury.
Not just extended lifespan but better resistance to Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s as well as stroke! The study also found that intermittent fasting had a positive anti-aging effect on the brain.
Life-altering diseases aside, won’t restricting calories through fasting lead to the mental fog and sluggishness that we’ve been warned about (and perhaps even experienced) from not eating regularly?
I suggest that, when done correctly, logic points to intermittent fasting actually being better for mental clarity and energy levels. Yes, if the body (and brain) are used to running on a constant supply of fast carbs, cutting these out may lead to brain fog and sluggishness. However, if the body is getting the proper nutrients and an adequate supply of beneficial fats and proteins, it is more likely to adapt without negative symptoms.
On to more benefits!
Fitness and Health
Besides the benefits in reducing the risk of cancer, heart disease, and neurological problems, fasting actually helps facilitate weight loss and muscle growth. This actually seems logical if we think about it.
If a person has consumed food (especially carbohydrates) right before working out, the glucose from this food is still floating around in the bloodstream or is in the liver and muscles as glycogen. This is a fast fuel for the body, and it will choose to burn through this before resorting to burning fat cells, which take slightly more effort to break down.
When a person eats immediately after working out, these glycogen receptors and stores are refilled and some of the positive effects of the workout are cut off. This is how it works: The right kinds of high-intensity and resistance workouts can increase the body’s own natural production of growth hormone and slow aging. When food, especially food containing fructose, is consumed after workouts, it binds to the same receptors as growth hormone and prevents uptake of all the growth hormone the body has made.
Fasting for at least an hour before and after working out can ensure the most uptake of growth hormone, and contrary to popular belief, does not cause muscle wasting or inability to work out effectively.
How to Incorporate Intermittent Fasting
When it comes to fasting, there is no single method that is best for everyone, but personally I take my cues from Dr. Pompa’s research, among others (also check out Valter Longo and the Fasting Mimicking Diet).
There are some important factors to keep in mind that make fasting more effective and beneficial.
- Fasting is easiest and most effective if the body is used to utilizing fats and proteins and is not dependent on fast-acting carbohydrates for energy. If the body is used to that constant supply of fast energy, total fasting will not be a pleasant experience.
- If, however, you have eliminated grains and sugars and your body is a fat-burning machine, fasting can actually be refreshing and energizing. It gives your body a break from digestion and lets it focus on cell regeneration and waste removal.
This is logical: think about times you have been sick and naturally didn’t eat because you weren’t hungry. This gave your body a break from digestion so it could use its resources to fight your illness.
The great news is that you don’t even have to go without food for a whole day to reap the benefits of intermittent fasting! There are several easy ways to incorporate small fasts with minimal effort:
16-Hour Fast/8-Hour Eating Window
Also called time-restricted eating (because you eat only at certain times), this is one of the easiest forms of fasting to start with, and you can still get the benefits listed above. You also get to eat each day, and in my experience feel only mildly hungry if at all. The basic idea is that you eat all your meals during the day in an 8-hour window (10 am to 6 pm for instance) and don’t eat late at night or during the night if you wake up.
This gives you a 16-hour fast during a 24-hour period with only minor adjustment to your normal eating schedule. This also seems to be the best option for women, as extended fasting can actually be counterproductive.
I go into my approach to time-restricted eating in this post, and this is a great place to start for most moms/women.
24-Hour Fast Still Eating Each Day
I heard this one from Dr. Eades, one of the top bariatric doctors in the country. The basic idea is that from 6 PM one day to 6 PM the next day, you fast, and alternate fasting days and eating days. The benefit here is that you can eat dinner after 6 PM one night and then eat breakfast and lunch the next morning, so you are never going a day without eating. This type of alternate-day fasting is what is referred to in many of the studies above with the highest cancer and heart disease benefits.
Full Alternate-Day Fasting
Some people think that for the first couple weeks, it is good to do a full alternate day fasting to help the body rid itself of toxins. If you want to attempt this, simply use the 24-hour fast method above and repeat for two weeks.
You can also just try the novel approach of eating only when you actually get hungry, not just when you crave food. Let your body feel hunger every once in a while. If you aren’t hungry in the morning, don’t eat. If you aren’t hungry at dinner time, don’t eat. It seems like such a novel concept, though really, shouldn’t it be common sense?
Tips for Fasting
It can be difficult to adjust if you aren’t used to fasting. Here are some tips that can help you stay the course:
- Drink lots of water. Lots!
- While I don’t generally recommend any beverages other than water on a fast, Pique Tea has some fasting-specific blends that can help you get through withdrawal symptoms and support the fasting process.
- If anxiety or emotions come up (which happens), try tapping.
Learn more specifically from Cynthia Thurlow on What Makes Fasting Unique for Women in this podcast episode.
Bottom Line on Fasting
Our bodies came with great built-in feedback mechanisms, and to think that we must eat constantly to keep from being hungry (our body’s way of telling us to eat) isn’t even logical.
As I said, finding all this information was incredibly freeing for me personally. I no longer felt guilty when I skipped meals, especially breakfast, just because I wasn’t hungry. No longer did I feel forced to eat on a certain schedule. I also wasn’t worried I was cannibalizing muscle tissue by skipping a meal. I personally also slept much better and lost weight once I started incorporating fasting into my routine.
If you decide to try fasting, make sure to use common sense and ensure that when you do eat, you are getting enough nutrients and protein. Small children and pregnant women should eat an optimal diet and should let hunger guide their eating.
If you’re just getting started, I’d also recommend checking out the Zero fasting app, which can make getting started a lot easier and help you to stick with a fast longer via the built-in timer.
This article was medically reviewed by Dr. Mariza Snyder, a functional practitioner. As always, this is not personal medical advice and we recommend that you talk with your doctor.
Have I freed you from the bonds of snacking? Are you open to trying fasting? Perhaps you are fasting today, like I am? Let me know below!
Sources:
- Podcast Interview, Prof. Mark Mattson (chief of the Laboratory of Neurosciences at the National Institute on Aging in Baltimore) & Dr. Norman Swan. Caloric restrictions and occasional fasting. May 2012. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/healthreport/caloric-restrictions-and-occasional-fasting/3995760.
- M L Hartman, J D Veldhuis, M L Johnson, M M Lee, K G Alberti, E Samojlik, M O Thorner, Augmented growth hormone (GH) secretory burst frequency and amplitude mediate enhanced GH secretion during a two-day fast in normal men, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 74, Issue 4, 1 April 1992, Pages 757–765, https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/74/4/757/3004645
- AMA Stockman MC, Thomas D, Burke J, Apovian CM. Intermittent Fasting: Is the Wait Worth the Weight?. Curr Obes Rep. 2018;7(2):172–185. doi:10.1007/s13679-018-0308-9
- Malinowski B, Zalewska K, W?sierska A, et al. Intermittent Fasting in Cardiovascular Disorders-An Overview. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):673. Published 2019 Mar 20. doi:10.3390/nu11030673
- Ruth E. Patterson and Dorothy D. Sears. Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting. Annual Review of Nutrition
Vol. 37:371-393. Published August 2017. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064634
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Different people work differently. I had to do this because of my schedule once, and the difference between my 7hrs exercise and 4800 calories a day and my 2 hrs exercise and 2000 calories a day was tremendous – 15 pounds. But I GAINED 15 pounds, and I felt sick all the time because I could not eat enough. This may work for some people, but not all. When I was eating a “healthy diet” as a child and had normal exercise patterns, I was always below the first percentile – when I was ten I was 4’11” and 64 pounds. Although I was healthy at that weight as I healthy at my new, not particularly favorable weight (5’3″ and 112.5 lbs), it was only because I was a child, and children can be skinny with less detrimental effects.
I recently moved to the south of Chile and my body suddenly was not the same body I came with. One month of major diet changes (reintroducing refined carbs, and eating more) led to quick weight gain, obvious hormone imbalances and moodiness. Despite the fact that I have realigned my eating (cutting out grains as much as possible, and sticking to a higher protein and veggie intake), I still feel out of sorts. I am looking forward to trying the above methods and sharing the progress!
Brilliant article! Whole grains are the worst as well… Stick to supplying your body with fats and protein for energy and you will notice incredible differences in health and genereal satiety. You will not be constantly hungy (common complaint ) because your body does not constantly need to refuel its quick sugar energy sources. Its more complex than that but very true. I’m living proof.
As part of my religion, we are supposed to do a 24 hour fast once a month. Growing up this was no problem, but as I started eating worse and worse, my health declined and I would literally get sick from fasting. I am hoping that by eating enough fat and protein, I can participate fully in the next fast. To me, being able to fast shows that my body is healthy and strong.
Also, my mother was so smart about this stuff. She wouldn’t let us break our fast with something easy like bread. It had to be a nice Sunday dinner with meat and vegies and everything good for you.
This is a really interesting article, I’ve just started looking into the health benefits of fasting having recently watched a documentary about it. My biggest problem is that whilst I have discovered I CAN go for longer periods than I expected without food (I genuinely never realised that hunger comes in ‘waves’ and mistakenly thought that if I skipped a meal I would become more and more hungry until I ate). However what I am finding more difficult is going without coffee. Whilst I only drink 2 – 3 cups of coffee per day (with milk & 1 sugar) I find it incredibly hard to skip these as they are not only my way of keeping hunger at bay, but also my 10 min breaks throughout the day. Does anyone have any advice? I should mention I find black unsugared coffee completely repulsive and I don’t drink tea!
I echo your comments..if im really hungry i can get in involved in something ..hunger vanishes .. comes back later.. Although im uncomfortable…ALL aspects of my life become sharper and more vital,, and incredible energy!! Asked my doctor about it she replies..”i wish i had your genetics”.. guess she was not versed in fasting benefits,,, Lastlyi think Deepak Chopra said.. the body is still in a peaceful state of sleep until about 5 hours after awakening..and not to shock it with food until thoroughly awake
I’ve been drinking ginger tea, but it isn’t really tea, just thin slices of peeled ginger root steeped in hot water. I sometimes also add lemon. It taste great AND is great for you. After I’m done, I add more hot water to my huge mug with the ginger in it, through the day and it’s delicious.
If you’re giving your body glucose (sugar in your coffee) you’re breaking your fast!
50 calories will break your fast.
Try a few drops of stevia if you must sweeten your coffee.
I’m Keto and I’ve practiced IF daily for about 2 years. I used to drink my coffee with cream but now I’ve developed a taste for black coffee and now I prefer it that way!
I drink coffee with raw cream from a farm, a spoonful of collagen, and no sugar. Does that break the fast or not?
We started the 16 hour fasting last Saturday, although we managed only 14 hours on the first day, then 15 on the 2nd, yesterday and today we succeeded the 16 hours and I guess it was no big deal and we hope to continue and see the results after a month- me if I lost any weight (am 122lbs I need to loose 7lbs; my husband is diabetic, will see how it affected his FBS)
For almost 2 weeks I have been on a 16/17 hour fast. I have not weighed myself yet, because I never weigh myself, but I can tell I’m shrinking. I don’t eat till around 10 or 11 a.m. and usually don’t eat after 6 p.m. It’s working for me, and it’s pretty effortless. I eat what I want and don’t feel cheated at all.
The 16 hour fast is actually a good way to keep your weight down. I was never hungry in the mornings and so didn’t get to eat until lunch (11-12) and then ate dinner between 6-8 pm depending on my work schedule. I read about the whole breakfast is the most important meal of the day thing and decided to try it. What I found was that I was actually hungrier ALL day and ate way more than usual. This resulted in weight gain within a few days. Plus, eating my normal way, I got to eat pretty much what I wanted without gaining a pound.
i follow The Warrior Diet! awesome..only one large meal at night so fasting all day.
Very cool… I’m on a similar system with my big meal in the morning to even out my leptin levels…
Thanks a lot for talking about Intermittent Fasting (IF) Wellness Mama! And thanks a lot to Sarah for mentioning the Warrior Diet!
I’ve been doing IF for years, just because I let my hunger drive me, and for me, what works best is to eat a little bit in the morning, nothing at lunch, and a BIG (BIG) early dinner which makes me feel full till the next day. So I guess this is similar to Sarah’s system, and I never questioned this Warrior Diet (because it’s very natural for me!)… till recently. I’m starting to wonder whether this form of IF is actually healthy, for two reasons:
– To the best of my knowledge, very few women do this kind of IF routinely, i.e., for me, this is natural to eat a lot at once for dinner and nothing the rest of the day (except herbal teas), but I guess it’s not natural at all for the average woman; I tend to believe there may be a reason for that.
– More important, I’ve seen this post recently, which argues IF is very unhealthy for women:
https://www.healthtoempower.com/shattering-the-myth-of-fasting-for-women-a-review-of-female-specific-responses-to-fasting-in-the-literature/
The post as well (as the numerous comments to it) have worried me, especially concerning the fertility thing: it is argued that IF can have a very negative impact on fertility, glups…
Wellness Mama, the question I have at this stage is simple: would you say that so long as we eat a very nutrient-rich paleo diet (with plenty of coconut oil, young coconuts, olive oil, calves liver, grass-fed meat, veggies and fruits, and ‘green pasture’ cod liver oil/butter oil), the frequency of the meals in itself is not critical for fertility? Or do you agree with the theory that for women the Warrior Diet can seriously damage fertility?
The fact you’re doing the Warrior Diet yourself tends to reassure me, albeit maybe you were not doing it at the times you became pregnant with each of your children 😉 ?
Thanks a lot again for your insights and the great paleo recipes 🙂
Great questions.. I definitely back off an way more often when. I’m pregnant or nursing… I’ve seen that IF can be bad for some women, especially if it is with a low calorie and low nutrient diet… If that is what your body naturally gravitates to, it is probably fine, but if you are working on boosting fertility, it might be worth adding another really nutrient dense meal
Me, too! That’s how I learned about fasting!
I always found it interesting that so many cultures have fasting in their religion. And how I don’t eat when I’m sick. I’m convinced that fasting is part of humanity. I have a tiny appetite and never eat when I’m not hungry. If I try to eat the last spoonful on the plate I feel sick. I don’t understand how people can go on eating after they’re full. You can probably guess that I’ve never had any weight issues!